關係代名詞 |蝦米?關代這麼簡單?三個觀念就搞懂
關係代名詞在英文中無比重要,但一提到關係代名詞,很多人可能會不自覺皺起眉頭。別怕,關係代名詞其實很easy!關係代名詞主要用來代替先行詞,用來連接主要子句和關係子句,關係子句當形容詞用。只要搞懂這三個小觀念「代替、連接、形容」(口訣「帶蓮蓉」來吃 XD),就能輕鬆學會神用法喔!
從功能區分,本篇討論關係代名詞who, whom, which, that,關係形容詞whose、關代的限定與非限定用法將於其他篇介紹。
一起來學習關代的用法吧!
關係代名詞的基本概念
- 顧名思義,關係代名詞屬於代名詞,有二類:人(who, whom、that)、事物(which、that)
- 與三項功用:a. 用於代替先行詞,b. 連接主要子句與關係子句的功能,c. 引導子句形容先行詞(要修飾的人、事、物),因此引導的子句就是形容詞子句
- 了解這三個基本概念「代替」、「連接」、「形容」(口訣「帶蓮蓉」)就能輕鬆掌握關代。例如:
In the party, Olivia met a boy.
The boy was smart and humorous.
→ 二句共同的名詞是boy,成為先行詞,是被修飾的對象。接著以關代who代替其中一句的boy,引導關係子句修飾先行詞。二句合併後,變成:
💡 In the party, Olivia met a boy who was smart and humorous.
(在派對中,Olivia認識了一位聰明又幽默的男孩。)
→ a boy是先行詞,關係詞who引導子句who was smart and humorous(聰明又幽默的)修飾a boy
The milk went sour.
Mother bought the milk yesterday.
→ 二句共同的名詞是the milk,成為先行詞,是被修飾的對象。接著以關代which代替其中一句的先行詞,引導關係子句修飾先行詞。二句合併後,變成:
💡 The milk which Mother bought yesterday went sour.
(媽媽昨天買的牛奶發酸了。)
→ the milk是先行詞,關係詞which引導子句which Mother bought yesterday(媽媽昨天買的)修飾the milk
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🎯句型:大考英文句型GO(三民):這本書列出所有大考中常見與易混淆的句型,分成16章節,每小節都有大考實例與經典例句,搭配詳細用法講解與不同題型的練習,並有隨堂評量附冊馬上檢測成效,是增進翻譯與寫作的超強工具書!大力推薦!
🎯 作文:迎戰108新課綱:英文作文必考題型各個擊破(常春藤):教授基本到高階的寫作技巧、不同類型與主題的文體、針對五大題型「圖表、看圖、書信」等。內容多元、完整,提供大量題目與範文。
🎯 翻譯:大考翻譯實戰題本:以主題為單元,題目兩兩一組,依照大考方式出題,提供漂亮詞彙與實用句型。
關係代名詞的用法
- 關係代名詞可以代替先行詞當主詞與受詞用,以關代在子句中的位置決定。
- 修飾的先行詞為「人」時,當主詞的關代用who(主格)、當受詞用whom(受格)。
- 修飾的先行詞為「事、物」時,不論當主詞或受詞關代都用which(主格與受格相同)。
先行詞 | 主格 | 受格 | 所有格 |
人 | who/that | whom/that | whose |
動物/事物 | which/that | which/that | whose |
人+動物 | that | that | X |
關係代名詞當主詞:
- 先行詞為「人」,當主詞用時,用關代的主格who
The lady who just walked by looked elegant with her high-heeled shoes.
(剛走過去的女士穿著高跟鞋看起來很高貴。)
→ 此句的先行詞為the lady,關代引導子句修飾the lady。關代在形容詞子句中當主詞用,用主格who
- 先行詞為「事物」,當主詞用時,用關代的主格which
We will attend the concert which is held to raise funds for the protection of endangered animals.
(我們會參加為了保護瀕危動物而募款的演唱會。)
→ 此句的先行詞為the concert,關代引導子句修飾the concert。關代在形容詞子句中當主詞用,用主格which
關係代名詞當受詞:
- 先行詞為「人」,當受詞用時,用關代的主格whom
The lady whom Kelly talked about looked elegant with her high-heeled shoes.
(Kelly談論的女士穿著高跟鞋看起來很高貴。)
→ 此句的先行詞為the lady,關代引導子句修飾the lady。關代在形容詞子句中當about的受詞,用受格whom
- 先行詞為「事物」,當主詞用時,用關代的主格which
The concert which we will attend is held to raise funds for the protection of endangered animals.
(我們要參加的演唱會是為了保護瀕危動物募款而舉辦。)
→ 此句的先行詞為the concert,關代引導子句修飾the concert。關代在形容詞子句中當attend的受詞,用受格which
通用的關係代名詞that
除了在某些條件下,關係代名詞that可與who、whom、which代換當主詞與受詞,修飾人、事物的主詞。
God helps people who help themselves.
= God helps people that help themselves.
(天助自助者。)
→ who當主格,可與that代換
We all look forward to meeting the guy whom Alice invited.
= We all look forward to meeting the guy that Alice invited.
(我們都期待見到Alice邀請的那個人。)
→ whom當受格,可與that代換
Mia was surprised to find that the painting which hung over there was a fake.
= Mia was surprised to find that the painting that hung over there was a fake.
(Mia驚訝地發現,掛在那裡的那幅畫是假的。)
→ which當主格,可與that代換
Food delivery platforms which many people use to order their meals are highly popular nowadays.
= Food delivery platforms that many people use to order their meals are highly popular nowadays.
(許多人用來訂餐的食品配送平台如今非常流行。)
→ which當受格,可與that代換
關係代名詞的省略
關係代名詞當受詞時可以省略,當主詞時則不可省略。
The clerk whom/that many customers complained about is arrogant and rude.
= The clerk many customers complained about is arrogant and rude.
(許多顧客抱怨的店員傲慢而粗魯。 )
→ 關代whom當子句的受詞,可以省略
The detective fiction which/that the students have to read is suspicious and heart-pounding.
= The detective fiction the students have to read is suspicious and heart-pounding.
(學生們必須閱讀的偵探小說令人懷疑且驚心動魄。)
→ 關代which當子句的受詞,可以省略
要在30分鐘內寫完漂亮作文、翻譯得6-8分,絕對需要強大的作文寶典+實用的句型、翻譯書。推薦博客來網路書店:
🎯 作文:超核心大考英文寫作(寂天):由基礎到高階的順序開始,分為八大單元,一步步教授寫作技巧,提供重點字彙與主題模版,搭配練習可仿寫,適合從基礎寫作框架開始架構者。
🎯句型:大考英文句型GO(三民):這本書列出所有大考中常見與易混淆的句型,分成16章節,每小節都有大考實例與經典例句,搭配詳細用法講解與不同題型的練習,並有隨堂評量附冊馬上檢測成效,是增進翻譯與寫作的超強工具書!大力推薦!
🎯 作文:迎戰108新課綱:英文作文必考題型各個擊破(常春藤):教授基本到高階的寫作技巧、不同類型與主題的文體、針對五大題型「圖表、看圖、書信」等。內容多元、完整,提供大量題目與範文。
🎯 翻譯:大考翻譯實戰題本:以主題為單元,題目兩兩一組,依照大考方式出題,提供漂亮詞彙與實用句型。
✏️牛刀小試 [正解在最後]
- Grandma is a good cook. I particularly love the dumplings ______ she makes. (可複選)
(A) that
(B) who
(C) which
(D) whom - Vincent van Gogh is the artist _______ I admire the most. (可複選)
(A) which
(B) whom
(C) who
(D) that - Potato is the staple ________.
(A) is popular in this area
(B) who is made into many dishes
(C) people in this country eat every day
(D) whom we know thrive in hot climate - 除了購買生活必需品,顧客也可以在這些商店繳費,甚至領取網路訂購之物品。(104指考翻譯)
____________________________
📜 關係詞的用法連結:
- 關代的基本用法
- 關代that的使用條件
- 關係形容詞whose的用法
- 關代的限定與非限定用法
- 關係副詞when、where、why
- 關係副詞vs關係代名詞的比較
- 關代中的some of whom/which
- 複合關係代名詞what
- what和which的分辨
- 複合關係代名詞wh-ever
- those who/people who的句型
正解:
1. A, C
2. B, D
3. C
4. 分析:除了購買生活必需品,顧客也可以在這些商店繳費,甚至領取[網路訂購之]物品。
In addition to/Besides buying daily necessities, customers can also pay their bills at these stores, and even pick up the goods which are ordered online.