關係代名詞 |蝦米?關代這麼簡單?三個觀念就搞懂

關係代名詞在英文中無比重要,但一提到關係代名詞,很多人可能會不自覺皺起眉頭。別怕,關係代名詞其實很easy!關係代名詞主要用來代替先行詞,用來連接主要子句和關係子句,關係子句當形容詞用。只要搞懂這三個小觀念「代替、連接、形容」(口訣「帶蓮蓉」來吃 XD),就能輕鬆學會神用法喔!

從功能區分,本篇討論關係代名詞who, whom, which, that,關係形容詞whose、關代的限定與非限定用法將於其他篇介紹。

一起來學習關代的用法吧!

關係代名詞

 

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關係代名詞的基本概念

  1. 顧名思義,關係代名詞屬於代名詞,有二類:(who, whom、that)、事物(which、that)
  2. 與三項功用:a. 用於代替先行詞,b. 連接主要子句與關係子句的功能,c. 引導子句形容先行詞(要修飾的人、事、物),因此引導的子句就是形容詞子句
  3. 了解這三個基本概念「代替」、「連接」、「形容」(口訣「帶蓮蓉」)就能輕鬆掌握關代。例如:

In the party, Olivia met a boy.
The boy was smart and humorous.

→ 二句共同的名詞是boy,成為先行詞,是被修飾的對象。接著以關代who代替其中一句的boy,引導關係子句修飾先行詞。二句合併後,變成:

💡 In the party, Olivia met a boy who was smart and humorous.

(在派對中,Olivia認識了一位聰明又幽默的男孩。)

→ a boy是先行詞,關係詞who引導子句who was smart and humorous(聰明又幽默的)修飾a boy

 

The milk went sour.
Mother bought the milk yesterday.

→ 二句共同的名詞是the milk,成為先行詞,是被修飾的對象。接著以關代which代替其中一句的先行詞,引導關係子句修飾先行詞。二句合併後,變成:

💡 The milk which Mother bought yesterday went sour.

(媽媽昨天買的牛奶發酸了。)

→ the milk是先行詞,關係詞which引導子句which Mother bought yesterday(媽媽昨天買的)修飾the milk

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🎯 作文:迎戰108新課綱:英文作文必考題型各個擊破(常春藤):教授基本到高階的寫作技巧、不同類型與主題的文體、針對五大題型「圖表、看圖、書信」等。內容多元、完整,提供大量題目與範文。

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關係代名詞的用法

  1. 關係代名詞可以代替先行詞當主詞受詞用,以關代在子句中的位置決定。
  2. 修飾的先行詞為「人」時,當主詞的關代用who(主格)、當受詞用whom(受格)。
  3. 修飾的先行詞為「事、物」時,不論當主詞或受詞關代都用which(主格與受格相同)。
先行詞主格受格所有格
who/thatwhom/thatwhose
動物/事物which/thatwhich/thatwhose
人+動物thatthatX

 

關係代名詞當主詞:

  • 先行詞為「人」,當主詞用時,用關代的主格who

The lady who just walked by looked elegant with her high-heeled shoes.

(剛走過去的女士穿著高跟鞋看起來很高貴。)

→ 此句的先行詞為the lady,關代引導子句修飾the lady。關代在形容詞子句中當主詞用,用主格who

 

  • 先行詞為「事物」,當主詞用時,用關代的主格which

We will attend the concert which is held to raise funds for the protection of endangered animals.

(我們會參加為了保護瀕危動物而募款的演唱會。)

→ 此句的先行詞為the concert,關代引導子句修飾the concert。關代在形容詞子句中當主詞用,用主格which

 

關係代名詞當受詞:

  • 先行詞為「人」,當受詞用時,用關代的主格whom

The lady whom Kelly talked about looked elegant with her high-heeled shoes.

(Kelly談論的女士穿著高跟鞋看起來很高貴。)

→ 此句的先行詞為the lady,關代引導子句修飾the lady。關代在形容詞子句中當about的受詞,用受格whom

 

  • 先行詞為「事物」,當主詞用時,用關代的主格which

The concert which we will attend is held to raise funds for the protection of endangered animals.

(我們要參加的演唱會是為了保護瀕危動物募款而舉辦。)

→ 此句的先行詞為the concert,關代引導子句修飾the concert。關代在形容詞子句中當attend的受詞,用受格which

 

通用的關係代名詞that

除了在某些條件下,關係代名詞that可與who、whom、which代換主詞受詞,修飾事物的主詞。

God helps people who help themselves.

= God helps people that help themselves.
(天助自助者。)

→ who當主格,可與that代換

 

We all look forward to meeting the guy whom Alice invited.

= We all look forward to meeting the guy that Alice invited.

(我們都期待見到Alice邀請的那個人。)

→ whom當受格,可與that代換

 

Mia was surprised to find that the painting which hung over there was a fake.

= Mia was surprised to find that the painting that hung over there was a fake.

(Mia驚訝地發現,掛在那裡的那幅畫是假的。)

→ which當主格,可與that代換

 

Food delivery platforms which many people use to order their meals are highly popular nowadays.

= Food delivery platforms that many people use to order their meals are highly popular nowadays.

(許多人用來訂餐的食品配送平台如今非常流行。)

→ which當受格,可與that代換

 

關係代名詞的省略

關係代名詞當受詞時可以省略,當主詞時則不可省略。

The clerk whom/that many customers complained about is arrogant and rude.

= The clerk many customers complained about is arrogant and rude.

(許多顧客抱怨的店員傲慢而粗魯。 )

→ 關代whom當子句的受詞,可以省略

 

The detective fiction which/that the students have to read is suspicious and heart-pounding.

= The detective fiction the students have to read is suspicious and heart-pounding.

(學生們必須閱讀的偵探小說令人懷疑且驚心動魄。)

→ 關代which當子句的受詞,可以省略

 

要在30分鐘內寫完漂亮作文、翻譯得6-8分,絕對需要強大的作文寶典+實用的句型翻譯書。推薦博客來網路書店:

🎯 作文:超核心大考英文寫作(寂天):由基礎到高階的順序開始,分為八大單元,一步步教授寫作技巧,提供重點字彙與主題模版,搭配練習可仿寫,適合從基礎寫作框架開始架構者。

🎯句型:大考英文句型GO(三民):這本書列出所有大考中常見與易混淆的句型,分成16章節,每小節都有大考實例與經典例句,搭配詳細用法講解與不同題型的練習,並有隨堂評量附冊馬上檢測成效,是增進翻譯與寫作的超強工具書!大力推薦!

🎯 作文:迎戰108新課綱:英文作文必考題型各個擊破(常春藤):教授基本到高階的寫作技巧、不同類型與主題的文體、針對五大題型「圖表、看圖、書信」等。內容多元、完整,提供大量題目與範文。

🎯 翻譯:大考翻譯實戰題本:以主題為單元,題目兩兩一組,依照大考方式出題,提供漂亮詞彙與實用句型。

 

✏️牛刀小試 [正解在最後]

  1. Grandma is a good cook. I particularly love the dumplings ______ she makes. (可複選)
    (A) that
    (B) who
    (C) which
    (D) whom
  2. Vincent van Gogh is the artist _______ I admire the most. (可複選)
    (A) which
    (B) whom
    (C) who
    (D) that
  3. Potato is the staple ________.
    (A) is popular in this area
    (B) who is made into many dishes
    (C) people in this country eat every day
    (D) whom we know thrive in hot climate
  4. 除了購買生活必需品,顧客也可以在這些商店繳費,甚至領取網路訂購之物品。(104指考翻譯)
    ____________________________

📜 關係詞的用法連結:


正解:

1. A, C

2. B, D

3. C

4. 分析:除了購買生活必需品,顧客可以在這些商店,甚至領取[網路訂購之]物品
In addition to/Besides buying daily necessities, customers can also pay their bills at these stores, and even pick up the goods which are ordered online.

 

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